The Himalayan plot
The Himalayan plot
In May 2018, NASA and the German Geoscience Research Center (GFZ) launched the continuation of the gravity and climate recovery experience (GRACIA-FO) mission, the next generation of satellites in one of the most innovative ground observation programs never released. The engineers and operators of GRACE-FO have been Tests, calibrations and checks. The spacecraft to start full scientific operations in January 2019. This is a sample of your test data.
The original GRACE mission (which ended in 2017) and the new monitor monitor the changes from month to month in the Earth's gravity field. More than 99 percent of the planet's gravitational attraction remains unchanged from one month to the next because it represents the mass of the solid Earth itself. But a small fraction is constantly in motion, and It is mainly water: The rain is falling, the dew is evaporating, the ocean currents are flowing, the ice is melting.
GRACE-FO maps variations in gravity that show scientists where that small fraction of planetary mass moves. Such measurements provide information about changes in layers of ice and glaciers, the effects of droughts and earthquakes, and the impacts of human activities such as the pumping of groundwater.
There are two GRACE-FO satellites (exact twins) that orbit in formation at a distance of approximately 220 kilometers (140 miles). Each satellite has an accelerometer, which measures forces on satellites other than gravity, such as atmospheric drag or solar radiation pressure. And each satellite has a microwave range instrument that accurately measures the distance between the two satellites as they orbit.
Variations in the Earth's gravity field, caused by changes in the mass distribution at and below the surface, cause the distance between the two satellites to vary slightly. GRACE-FO range instruments measure this change in distance with an accuracy better than one micron, less than the diameter of a blood cell, or one-tenth the width of a human hair.
In the map above, the yellow line marks the trajectory of the GRACE-FO satellites on June 14, 2018, with numbers indicating their positions at various points in the orbit. The middle graph shows the change in distance between spacecraft, a few tens of microns, which is affected by changes in the gravity field below. The final plot shows the elevation of the Earth below the satellite. Notice how the relatively smooth increase over Antarctica disturbs the orbits of satellites much less than the abrupt changes in the Himalayas. Note also the changes as GRACE-FO exceeds the highest elevations in Central America compared to the lower elevations of the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s93i7m82h54]
In addition to the accelerometer and the microwave range instrument, GRACE-FO has an experimental system laser interferometer. "The LRI is a breakthrough for precision distance measurements in space," said instrument manager Kirk McKenzie of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "It is the first laser interferometer between spacecraft and the culmination of approximately a decade of research and development funded by NASA and Germany."
Gerhard Heinzel, leader of the space interferometry research group at the Albert Einstein Institute, explained the challenge: More than 200 kilometers, while both spacecraft run around the Earth at 27,000 kilometers per hour. It's really amazing. "
Image of the NASA Earth Observatory by Joshua Stevens, using data courtesy of Felix Landerer / NASA JPL and the GRACE science team. History of Michael Carlowicz, based on reports by Alan Buis and Esprit Smith, NASA JPL.
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