Space Elevator: Possible?
Space Elevator: Possible?
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AstroScience: Space Elevator: Possible?
If built, the space elevator would be the feat of
most important engineering in the history of mankind, this would mark a
new stage in the evolution of the life of man, no doubt gradually revolutionize
completely the daily life, causing that in the history a
before and after, it is more than extraordinary the potential that can reach
have this great device.
What is elevator
space?
A space elevator is a hypothetical elevator that connects to the
Earth with space, which leads us into space without the need for a
rocket or spaceship as the ferry.
For what
build a space elevator?
Each mission that is sent to space, whatever it may be, needs
of a large amount of fuel to reach reach the space and get
either in Earth orbit or travel through the Solar System, as the case may be and
the objective of the mission.
What is intended with this elevator is to have more access
to space, being able to carry out projects of utmost importance without this
they would be very much in evidence and that they are currently being canceled
by budget.
Among these projects are building large
space telescopes, solar sails, immense space stations, tourism
space, to be able to build bigger and more efficient interstellar vehicles
to reach other planets and satellites with more payload, since
almost everything is lost with the weight of the fuel to leave the Earth.
General characteristics
of the space elevator:
On the top
of the space elevator has to orbit a space station sufficiently
massive so that any load that can be lifted by means of the elevator does not
make it lose altitude in its orbit.
The station
space must have a geosynchronous orbit, that is, it is going to move to
same time as the rotation movement of the Planet, so that always
it will move along with the Earth.
A kind of
geosynchronous orbit is the geostationary orbit, which is circular and parallel
to the equator and maintains its relative position with respect to the Earth, besides this it would be placed at 35,790 kmsnm.
In his original idea
contemplates a cable or an extended band from the orbiting space station
to the surface of the Earth, by means of which everything will be transported
what you want to take to space.
one.
Material of the
cable:
To use a cable, it must have a resistance
enormous due to the strong tensions subject only under its own weight and that of
the cargo transported. Emphasize that these tensions are not by force
centripetal of the space station, since it is in orbit and although subject
the cable, it moves independently of the cable. You can make a
analogy when an airplane is fueled in the air by means of
another plane which extends a cable (hose) and hooks to the other, although
the 2 planes are linked by cable, the latter never pulls the other
plane, if it were like that the cable would break, the same would happen with the elevator cable
space.
(All this only for the space elevator with space station
in orbit by itself, instead in the space elevator cable in orbit
by centripetal force one must also consider the cable tension).
What is desired is to make the cable with a lightweight material and very
resistant, for that reason it is contemplated to manufacture it with the alotropy of carbon "graphene"
(harder material on the Earth, more than the diamond itself) than in a
tubular structure is very resistant, better known as "carbon nanotubes",
since the structure that forms is a hexagonal tessellation composed of atoms of
carbon and covalent bonds that would be formed thanks to the superposition of
hybrid sptwo.
To obtain a thicker and consequently more resistant material,
the carbon nanotubes have to be joined in stacked layers, in which
the links between the layers are joined by
Van der Waals forces.
two.
Resistance
of the cable:
The maximum voltage that nanotubes could withstand is 150 GPa,
which means that 1 cm2 of thickness of this material could support a
weight of 1,500 tons, comparing it with an equivalent cable of the same thickness
of the best known steel can support 20 tons, that means that the
Carbon nanotubes are 75 times stronger than steel.
3. Cable production:
A very big challenge so that the space elevator can be
built with carbon nanotubes is its low production, as low as one
millimeter scale, among its production methods are:
1. Laser ablation (high hardness and low amount).
2. Arc discharge (high hardness and low quantity).
3. Chemical Vapor Deposition CVD (good quality and large
relatively amount).
The possible hurricanes and tornadoes that could be generated,
would push the cable, which if they are strong enough would make it descend
the altitude of the space station until a possible collision with the Earth.
The question of temperature is not a problem, since
thermally carbon nanotubes are very stable, in vacuum they can
withstand 2,800 ° C and in the atmosphere 750 ° C.
5. The atmosphere:
The friction at the boundary between the Earth's atmosphere and the
space is not much of a problem, since the space station will orbit the same
time the Earth rotates, with a speed of 1,674 km / h to 35,790 kms.
therefore there will be no overheating of the cable in that area. When we see that
the space shuttle overheats on entering the atmosphere is because
the ferry goes to 28,000 km / h and the contact with the atmosphere at so much
Speed generates heat to slow it down.
Regarding the part of the cable section that is in
the Planet (within the atmosphere) does not represent any problem, could
think that the friction with the atmosphere would pull the cable until the
space station would fall, but this would not happen since the same atmosphere
Earth is moving at the same speed as the Planet
6 Cable placement:
The placement of the cable can be of 2 forms:
one.
Carry the cable
complete to the space station from where it will descend little by little until the
another extreme reaches the earth's surface, from where it will be strongly anchored to
ground.
two.
Carry only one strand of the cable to the space station
from where it will descend to be anchored to the ground, then from the surface
from the Earth, filaments of cable will be lifted up to the space station,
so that little by little these filaments get thicker to form
a cable. This is a proven method in the installation of the cables in the
Hanging bridges.
It is one of the technical parts that has to be paid more attention,
since it could cause an imbalance in the cable and the space station could
descend and possibly fall to Earth, in its last case the cable could
break.
All objects have a certain frequency, if that
frequency of the wave propagating to the cable would cause a possibly vibration
catastrophic
Remember that this is how the Tacoma Narrows bridge collapsed.
Types
Space elevators:
Anchored Elevator
to Earth:
It is the best known and famous of the space elevators.
It is a large mass space station in geostationary orbit
from which extends a cable or ribbon of carbon nanotubes anchored to the
planet Earth.
The anchor can be attached to either the land surface or
some marine platform.
This type of space elevator is the same as the anchored elevator
to land but with the exception that it is not subject to land or any
platform on the surface of the Planet.
Instead, the lower end of the cable is suspended in the
air without touching the ground, but close to it (1,000 m).
The purpose of this cable is to avoid a catastrophe (which would be
very large and would cover almost the entire circumference of the Earth since the
perimeter of the Planet is 40,074 km and the cable length 35,790 km) for some
mistake that could be made.
Another advantage of this elevator is that it can travel through
of the Equator of the Planet, but at low speeds, so that there is almost no
differential speed between atmosphere and cable, and thus be able to upload loads on board
very heavy without needing to transport them to a fixed place.
Space elevator
by centripetal force:
It's basically the same type of space elevator as the
elevator anchored to ground with the exception that the orbit in which it is located
the space station is determined by the centripetal force that provides it
Earth by means of a cable attached to the ground.
The tensions in this type of cable are very high, its anchorage to
land must be very deep and strong, the more massive the season
space, with more force pull this cable.
The advantage of this type of space elevator is that it does not
necessarily the space station must be very massive.
This is the best type of elevator of the future, to be realized
It would be the engineering masterpiece of humanity in its entire history.
This type of elevator is very different than the first 2
exposed. It is a building like any other, but unlike
others, this would be quite high, having as height 350 kmsnm that if
build in the town called "Mitad del Mundo" near Quito, Ecuador (2,850
msnm), it would measure 419 times more than the Burj Khalifa building in Dubai, UAE, which is
the highest in the world with 828 m.
Imagine in the future (500 years) a multi-purpose cylindrical building
with a thickness of 2 kilometers, would consist of entire cities everywhere, with
trains up to reach space, perhaps with the help of levitation
magnetic to get faster vacuum tubes so there would be no friction
with the atmosphere during the climb path. There would be public vacuum tubes and
accessible by means of a tariff and private for those who buy them. Maybe to
10 km there may be parachuting areas and other extreme sports, luxurious
restaurants, conference centers, stadiums that protrude from the building and housing
Exclusive At the top of the building you would reach the space, where you would await
spaceships docked like trucks in a bus station, from where
would take orbital rides, would go to Mars, to asteroids in the belt of
asteroids, Jupiter's Europe satellite and the Moon, perhaps because of
work.
Japan is recruiting researchers
from several countries to become the first country with a space elevator in
The near future.
It is a force-type elevator
centripetal to avoid that the weight placed in orbit must be too large,
Scientists believe that the best is "leave rope
loose"At the top end of the elevator,
so that when you turn, pull the entire construction upwards. This
would involve a cable with a total length of almost 100,000 km.
Its cost is estimated at US $ 9,000,000,000.
NASA grants US $ 500,000 to the winner of the
"The Space Elevator Games" contest organized by "The Spaceward Foundation"
every year, with this it seeks to increase
ideas, creativity and technology to make the space elevator a reality
in the near future.
Since NASA wants to take the first man to Mars, his plan
is to create several vehicles with enough
USEFUL LOAD and thus be able to build a Martian station on the surface of the Planet
Red, which has to be sufficiently self-sustaining so that men
that go to Mars do not need anything from Earth for 2 years; the main meal,
water, oxygen and that they can take off from the Martian surface and thus return to
the earth. So the payload is increased the more it is carried into space and
the cost would go down enormously with a space elevator, which after having arrived
to space, the parts of the first manned spacecraft would be assembled
Mars.
Despite the technical challenges that build a space elevator
implies, NASA plans to build a lunar station to obtain the
sufficient resources for the mission; as oxygen and hydrogen for the
fuel, potable water and perhaps the manufacture of materials and components
for the mission, this is because the atmosphere and gravity of the Moon is lower in comparison
with that of the Earth, which would save fuel to get out of the attraction
of the satellite and would increase the payload for Mars.
The space elevator cable will be
subject to a platform located in the equator, on the Pacific coast of
South America, where the winds are calm, the weather is good and there are few
commercial aircraft. The platform will be mobile so that the cable can move
to get it out of the way of satellites in orbit.
The LiftPort Group company was founded in April 2003
devotes to the creation of a cheap, reliable and secure way to have access
to space, the company focuses on a space elevator composed of
Carbon nanotubes.
In 2005, it announced the plan to build a manufacturing
carbon nanotubes on an industrial scale.
On September 20, 2005, it managed to suspend a cable at 300 m
middle of a balloon.
In 2006, it launched an observation and communication platform for
1,467 km in height in a stationary position for more than 6 hours while the robotic lifts rose
and they came down from the tape.
He says that by 2018 he will build a maritime platform from
where the elevator will emerge.
Your space elevator is divided into 4 main parts:
maritime platform, the laser emitter, the carbon nanotube belt and the
Robot car that will go up the tape.
So: is the space elevator possible?
In the near future (2025) it is not possible, mainly because of the
low production of carbon nanotubes and low capital investment.
It is estimated that between 2036 and 2040 some
space elevator, being this way, in the decade of the 40's it will be the one of the trips to
the Moon and later continuing with the conquest of the Solar System arriving
the first man to Mars. If the man arrives at Mars before 2050, it would be a
great technological achievement, it is very possible that this happens due to the great pressure
about space agencies for man to reach Mars, even today in
day, so a space elevator would falicitaría and make this feat faster,
which if not built could take longer to reach Mars, possibly
on the 100th anniversary of the arrival on the Moon in 2069 if we are lucky, if not
is that more.
The construction of this device is a fact and we have only to wait for the technological advances
so that the mass production of carbon nanotubes reaches us, and that the
medium-term future thanks to the space elevator is more promising in the conquest
and space exploration, both of probes and of human beings perched on others
worlds
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