Last flight of the Space Shuttle

Last flight of the Space Shuttle https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFCKeNm3w4oPqLqAmMSZCQ6Tis2Vd4nBbX6Tqo3oPB_WVdpD_9e-MNZjEXTAcBf3FoUR1fOBwJ0DE_Qk0roq7B0KL-Bixae4zIpv_2QTcHK_PUYBLBdW462IVlsEs7sVITr9b57nITOqg/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/Ultimo+vuelo+del+Transbordador+Espacial.jpg

Last flight of the Space Shuttle







The Age of the Space Shuttle has come to an end after 30 years, from the

first flight (STS-1) on April 12, 1981 by Columbia until the last launch of the Space Shuttle (STS-135) by Atlantis.




















The date of

launch of the Atlantis Space Shuttle is scheduled by NASA

to launch from the Launch Platform 39A of the Space Center

Kennedy on July 8, 2011 at 11:26 h eastern time of the United States

United.





The main

purpose of the STS-135 mission of the Atlantis Space Shuttle is to bring

the International Space Station (ISS) the Multipurpose Logistic Module

Raffaello (MPLM), which was modified to be coupled to the ISS. Among what is

find in module there are spare parts for the station, 16 racks with experiments

scientists, supplies and supplies for the crew of the ISS.





Other

goal is to fly the robotic fuel supply mission (RRM by

its acronym in English), an experiment designed to demonstrate and prove

tools, technologies and techniques needed to refuel

robotically in space, even to satellites not designed to be

repaired. 





The

crew will also return an ammonia bomb that recently failed in

the Space Station. The engineers want to know why the pump failed and with

all this improve the design for future spaceships.









The last

Space Shuttle flight will consist of 4 crew members: Commander Chris

Ferguson, pilot Doug Hurley and mission spacers Sandy Magnus and

Rex Walheim.





This will be the

last flight of the NASA Space Shuttle Program after 30

years of having been launched the first Ferry, during this time

carried out thousands of experiments in zero gravity and in a vacuum, the

which have served the understanding of various physical, biological and

very important technological improvements, too, the Space Shuttle helped

to the construction of the International Space Station, to the placement of

various telecommunications satellites, to put the Hubble Space Telescope

in orbit and 2 repairs of this one and as well as to various missions through 3

decades that gave us knowledge and access to space.





The mission

which will last 12 days, is scheduled for return on July 20, 2011

on the Space Shuttle Shuttle Landing Facility

Kennedy at 07:06 h eastern time of the United States.









The last movement of the Space Shuttle to the launch area 
(STS-135 Atlantis)




The Space Shuttle coupled to the ISS








Calendar of the Mission

STS-135:



·        

Day

one:  The Atlantis is

ready to be launched on July 8, 2011 at 11:26 p.m. from the Center

Kennedy Space.



·        

Day

two:  Crew

will conduct a study on the Thermal Protection System (TPS), the shield of

heat that protects the Ferry at re-entry, and prepares for the

coupling with the ISS for day 3.



·        

Day

3:  The Atlantis

will perform Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver (Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver), a somersault

to place the bottom part of the Ferry to the ISS.


Video of Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver of the Atlantis Space Shuttle in the STS-129 mission:








·        

Day

4:  The crew will join

temporarily the Raffaello Multipurpose Logistic Module with the Module

Harmony of the Space Station, preparing for the day's spacewalk

5.



·        

Day

5:  On the Expedition

number 18, astronauts Michael Fossum and Ron Garan will take a walk

space to transfer the failed ammonia pump to the cargo hold of the

Ferry, Transfer the MRR to the Station and place an experiment on the

ELC-2 for a long-term exhibition.






Interior of the Raffaello Module

·        

Day

6:  Crew

will discharge more than 8,000 pounds (more than 3,600 kg) of module supplies

Raffaello (or the crew of the Ferry will perform a focused inspection

to the TPS, if necessary). 



·        

Day

7:  Crew

will finish the download of Raffaello in the morning and have a free time in

the evening. 



·        

Day

8:  Crew

will load more than 5,000 pounds (more than 2,500 kg) of cargo in the Raffaello module

that they will return to Earth.



·        

Day

9:  Crew

will finish loading elements to Raffaello, preparing it for the undocking of

the ISS and return it to Atlantis. Then the crew will have a time of

break.



·        

Day

10:  The Raffaello will be

undocked from the Harmony Module of the ISS and returned to the cargo hold of the

Atlantis After the last farewells, the crew will close the

hatches for the last time between the Space Shuttle and the Station

International Space.







·        

Day

eleven:  The Atlantis

will uncouple from the Space Station and fly around for an examination

visual of the Station. Then the crew will conduct the last inspection

of the TPS in preparation for the return to Earth.



·        

Day

12:  Astronauts will perform

the standard checks of the Space Shuttle system in preparation

for the landing. Tribute will also be paid to Atlantis and the

Space shuttle. Before leaving orbit, Atlantis will deploy the

satellite (5x5x10) "Solar Cell Experiment".



·        

Day

13:  The Atlantis in the

STS-135 mission is directed towards Earth to land on July 20,

2011 at the Kennedy Space Center of NASA at 07:06 h, giving as

concluded the Space Shuttle Program.








Landing runway of the Space Shuttle at the Kennedy Space Center
(91.4 m wide, 4.572 m long, 305 m extra track at each end and 40.6 cm thick)








Program Data

of the Space Shuttle:






José Henández Mexican astronaut of NASA

·        

The

mission STS-135 is the 135goes and the last of the missions of the

Space Shuttle and the 33goes of Atlantis.



·        

355

people have flown 852 times in 135 shuttle missions since STS-1

in 1981.



·        

16

Countries have been represented in space missions of the Ferry:

Germany, Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Canada, Spain, United States, France,

Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine.









·        

14

people have died during 2 accidents: the STS-51L (Challenger Space Shuttle)

on January 28, 1986, exploding 73 seconds after its launch, and mission STS-107

(Space Shuttle Columbia) on February 1, 2003 when it

disintegrated after its reentry into the atmosphere due to the penetration of

heat in the internal systems because of a thermal block of a disintegrated wing

at its launch.



·        

The

5 Space Shuttle from NASA were: the Columbia, the Challenger, the Discovery,

Atlantis and Endeavor, in addition to the Enterprise Space Shuttle that

never flew into space, although it was the first to be built, but it was not suitable for

space, restricted to only doing tests launched from airplanes.



·        

The

5 ferries have traveled 864'216.452 km and with the last flight STS-135

of the Atlantis will be added 6'449,377 km making a total of 870'665,829 km

travel through all the space shuttles.











·        

Plus

of 2,000 experiments have been carried out on the Space Shuttle in sciences

biological, materials engineering, astronomy and among other fields of

science.



·        

The

Space Shuttle have been docked to 2 space stations, at

ISS and Mir (Russia), the STS-135 mission of Atlantis will be the 37thgoes

in joining the ISS.



·        

The

space shuttles have landed 77 times in the Space Center

Kennedy, 54 times at Edwards Air Force Base and once in the

Test Facilities of White Sands.



·        

The

Atlantis in the STS-125 mission in May 2009 was the one that carried out the mission

of the Hubble Space Telescope's final service. 










Repair of the Hubble Space Telescope

Why is it removed

the Space Shuttle?







The program

of the Space Shuttle was conceived for

lower costs to bring astronauts and cargo to space, creating a

reusable vehicle, but it seems ironic that for that reason it has arrived

to its end.





Every

launch of the Space Shuttle costs around US $ 550,000,000 and

maintain the Space Shuttle Program US $ 5,000'000,000 annually,

which represents a large percentage (26.32%) in the US budget of NASA

$ 19,000,000,000 for 2011, which has to be distributed among the hundreds of

programs and projects carried out by this governmental institution. So the

NASA will be able to invest more in space areas that are not related to the

Ferry, and consequently discover new things and create new

technology thanks to that budget redirected to other space areas. 





In others

words the end of the Age of the Ferry will be an improvement for humanity,

since NASA has developed technologies with more than 6,300 patents, technology

which today we enjoy daily without knowing that many of the objects we use

Everyday that comes from NASA, mainly from technological development

during the Apollo Program era. 







Behind the

retreat of the space shuttle, many wonder what will be the next

way they will send astronauts into space.



The truth is

that the advantage of using the Space Shuttle is to carry large loads

to space, however today there are many other options tested

In addition to the Ferry:










Soyuz

·        

A

of the current ships with which people are sent to space is the ship

space station of the Russian Space and Aviation Agency RKA (Роскосмос), the

The last one sent to the space was the Soyuz TMA-02M, which was successfully coupled to the Station

International Space on June 7, 2011








Kipler

·        

"The

Kliper "is a new generation of low-cost space shuttles and

reusable of the Russian company "NPO Energía", which is responsible for the

Burán project that developed and launched a Russian space shuttle (being the

almost exact copy of the NASA Space Shuttle, as well as having

copied the supersonic aircraft Concorde from Great Britain and France and made one

Russian called Tupolev Tu-144). The Kliper is a good project and is designed to

join the ISS, but lacks the budget to move forward.
















Transfer Vehicle H-II

·        

The

Transfer Vehicle H-II is a robotic spacecraft of the Agency

Japanese Aerospace Exploration (JAXA) whose objective is to supply the Module

of Japanese Kibō Experimentation, which is coupled to the ISS. The ISS also

it can be supplied by the H-II Transfer Vehicle if necessary.





·        

The

Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) of the European Space Agency (ESA),

is a robotic spacecraft that assumes the supply missions, the

waste removal and elevation of the International Space Station. The 4

On April 2008 the ATV-001 Jules Verne joined the ISS, carrying out tests

in navigation and safety systems, then in September it was decoupled and

reentro in the atmosphere disintegrating. Another ship the ATV-002 Johannes Kepler

It was launched on February 17, 2011 and in June it re-entered the atmosphere. In

February 2012 will be launched the ATV-003 Edoardo Amaldi and in 2013 the ATV-004

Albert Einstein.








Progress

·        

The

Progress is a family of unmanned Russian ships to carry food and

fuel to space stations, they were originally used for

space stations Salyut 6, Salyut 7 and the Mir allowing a stay

of man in space by the USSR and then by Russia, subsequently

It was used for the ISS. In the initial version of Progress between 1978 and 1990 they were

built 42 for the space stations Salyut 6, Salyut 7 and Mir, in

its second Progress M version between 1989 and 2003 were built 54 for the

Mir and the ISS, and in its latest version the Progress M1 began to be built in

the 2000 only for the ISS.





Russian Mir Space Station that was destroyed in a controlled manner on March 23, 2001
on the Pacific Ocean (photo June 12, 1998)











Orion capsule

·        

The

Orion spacecraft is a ship under development by NASA, which can carry

4 crew and would be launched from the new launch vehicle Ares I.

Unfortunately the first of February 2010 The administration of the president

Obama canceled the Constellation Project, which would take man back to

the Moon in which the Orion capsule would be used, as well as replacement of the

Space Shuttle immediately when it was out of service.








Dragon of Space X

·        

At present

the solution to send people to space has the Soyuz, but as far as

referring to the load and sending spare parts to the ISS, scientific experiments,

supplies and supplies for the crew of the ISS, today that solution is

has in the private company "Space X", which has already achieved successful tests of

Your Dragon capsule. The Dragon capsule can be conditioned to carry cargo

or a crew of maximum 7 people, although at present it has only been

tested with load.





·        

The

NASA in its program "Commercial Transportation of Orbital Services" coordinates

shipments to the ISS with private companies, this program was announced in

2006 and NASA expects to be independent of these foreign companies so

less in 2015. NASA has hired Space X for 12 missions and Orbital Sciences

for 8 missions. There are more than 20 private companies that have invested

millions of dollars for the development of better vehicles both to carry

charge as people to space, while NASA has summoned these companies

private who give you proposals.












Finally to

Although there are more than 30 institutions in the world (between institutions

government agencies and private companies) developing technology for vehicles

space, without doubt the best technological development is the construction of SPACE ELEVATOR, which would transport so many people

as cargo to space, even very heavy for the Space Shuttle, as well

it would become the most extraordinary engineering device and a feat of

humanity, encouraging more profitable trips to space even for people

common, making space tourism accessible to all and creating business

very profitable space.





All

what starts has to end and the Space Shuttle arrived on time,

now we can only remember and honor him as the vehicle that made so many possible

knowledge, advances and feats made throughout the 135 missions

performed in these 30 years.











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