Hate Speech on Live & # 039; Super Chats & # 039; YouTube tests
Hate Speech on Live & # 039; Super Chats & # 039; YouTube tests
After Robert Bowers Assaulted the Synagogue of the Tree of Life On October 27, in Pittsburgh, far-right personality Ethan Ralph launched a live broadcast on YouTube to discuss the shooting that claimed 11 lives. Soon, some viewers began to pay for their comments to appear in the live chat that traveled throughout the video, through a feature that YouTube launched last year called Super Chat.
During the live broadcast, which YouTube said Mr. Ralph has removed, one user paid two sterling pounds to write: "How do you get a number of Jewish girls? Roll up your sleeve." Another viewer paid $ 5 and wrote: "If you want to know if the Synagogue's shot was a false flag, check out Larry's lucky life insurance policies on those dead Jews."
YouTube said Friday night that it had permanently removed Mr. Ralph's "Ralph Retort" channel from its platform for policy violations and for going against its terms of service.
Mr. Ralph, whose channel had 22,500 subscribers, is one of several YouTube right-wing celebrities who have used the Super Chat feature to earn money. The topics among such users can be very varied, from events such as the tragedy in Pittsburgh and the confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh to media criticism and internal debates among members of far-right online communities.
Most Super Chats generate a few hundred dollars in revenue, according to an analysis conducted for The Wall Street Journal, where YouTube tends to raise 30%, said people familiar with the subject.
A YouTube spokeswoman, owned by Google Alphabet Inc., said the company donates to charities the proceeds of any Super Chats that violate its hate speech policy.
"The hate speech and content that promotes violence is prohibited on YouTube," the spokeswoman said. "We have also been working in recent months to refine our policies on who has access to the monetization functions, and as this work continues, we are dedicated to continuing to improve the fight against online hate."
Like other popular social media platforms, YouTube has struggled to draw the line between suppressing hate speech and allowing freedom of expression. The company is based on an extensive ecosystem of "creators" to provide a constant flow of content to the most popular video site in the world, where they get access to benefits and special resources on the platform.
Super Chat was launched last year to encourage creators to produce more content and attract more viewers. The paid comments receive special treatment: the video host often reads the comment out loud and is posted at the top of the fast-moving chat sequence. The more someone pays, the longer the comment remains at the top of the chat box.
While the Super Chat feature is available to YouTube's vast video celebrity cast, and was created primarily to attract players, it has not gained the same traction or scale among those groups as it has with the people of the far right, according to an Analysis of Storyful, a social media intelligence firm owned by News Corp, the parent company of the Journal.
Racist comments are not uncommon. Equally worrisome, according to the researchers, are the comments that remain within the YouTube guidelines to avoid being knocked down through the use of coded language instead of hot topics and insults. For example, some commentators use the term "American basketball" instead of an insult against African-Americans and "population replacement" when referring to conspiracies about white genocide. Some users write certain words with numbers to prevent the YouTube software from detecting them.
Many payments, for example, are made in the amount of $ 14.88; the number 1488 is often used as an abbreviation between white supremacists to express their ideology, and related merchandise often sells for $ 14.88.
"What they are doing is transmitting these ideas in other ways," said one researcher. The investigator has been attacked in the past by white supremacists and other members of the extreme right fringe.
After BuzzFeed article in May. He detailed the popularity of Super Chats among white nationalists and other right-wing personalities. YouTube said it had begun to use machine learning technology that can detect hateful comments and leave them on hold for further review. The company does not reveal how much it earns with Super Chats in general.
When YouTube temporarily suspends a channel for a violation, that creator often appears as a guest on the channel of a person with similar ideas until the ban is lifted. The problem for YouTube, said the researcher, is that "YouTube will continually try to apply a technological solution to what is a social problem."
Mr. Ralph did not respond to a request for comment. On Thursday night, after the Journal approached YouTube with questions for this article, Mr. Ralph opened a new live broadcast by reading what he said was a Super Chat sent earlier in the day, at the that the viewer wrote "Abort Hebrew babies." The broadcast continued for more than 20 minutes before it closed for violating YouTube's hate speech policy, according to a notice posted on its website.
account. Mr. Ralph then switched to another channel and continued for several minutes before it was also closed.
The St. Jude Children's Research Hospital this week organized the return of donations collected in September during a live broadcast by Mr. Ralph dubbed "Super Chat for Good", even when the comments section was filled with anti-Semitic comments and Hosts talked about a Holocaust Meme. The money totaled about $ 26,000. Many on Twitter complained on Friday about their donations being returned. They also attacked the newspaper and members of its staff, blaming the news organization for the money back.
When contacted earlier in the week, St. Jude said he was aware of the chats and was making arrangements to reverse any donation. On Friday, a spokesman said: "We had no intention of receiving or accepting any of the funds associated with the live broadcast."
Following the questions of the Journal, YouTube also published a live broadcast of the far-right personality Jean-François Gariépy that was issued after the shooting in Pittsburgh and included a series of racist and anti-Semitic comments in paid Super Chats.
Mr. Gariépy said that his channel does not allow hate speech and that he tries to eliminate Super Chats that "are hateful or that constitute calls to violence". He said his channel has banned thousands of viewers from his channel for repeatedly violating that policy.
Mr. Gariépy, who calls himself a white nationalist, said he sees no problem with people referring to 14/88 or Hitler, saying that such comments "aim to encourage people to get a better understanding. historic of Germany during the first half of the century. " He added that it would be easy for YouTube to prohibit donations made for that amount "if they differ from my interpretation".
According to Storyful's analysis, Mr. Gariépy's live broadcast of Pittsburgh generated $ 244 in revenue.
Write to Yoree Koh in yoree.koh@wsj.com
Corrections and Amplifications
YouTube said Ethan Ralph deleted a video he posted about a shooting in a Pittsburgh synagogue. An earlier version of this article incorrectly said that YouTube deleted the video. (November 2, 2018)
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