Formation of Bose stars from "drops" of dark matter?

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Formation of Bose stars from "drops" of dark matter?







Researchers have developed a mathematical model that describes the movement of dark matter particles within the haloes of smaller galaxies. And they have observed in this model that, with the passage of time, dark matter can give rise to spherical drops of quantum condensate. Previously this was considered impossible.



Dark matter is a form of hypothetical matter that does not emit electromagnetic radiation. This property makes it difficult to search for dark matter and makes it even more difficult to prove its existence. The dark matter particles interact with each other and with ordinary matter so weakly that only their gravitational field can be detected. Dark matter does not manifest itself in other ways. Each galaxy is surrounded by an envelope (halo) of dark matter with a size and mass much greater than those of the normal matter from which its stars are made of the kinds known by science.



The team of Dmitry Levkov, of the Nuclear Research Institute, as well as Igor Tkachov and Alexander Panin, of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, both entities attached to the Russian Academy of Sciences, has concluded that dark matter particles, if they are bosons with a sufficiently small mass, they could form a condensate of Bose-Einstein in the halos of small galaxies or in substructures that are even more so, due to their gravitational interactions. Among such substructures would be haloes of dwarf galaxies and minicumuli, with a percentage of dark matter much greater than that of normal galaxies.







Left image: initial moment, when the matter is mixed; right image: the moment immediately after the formation of a Bose star. The color indicates the density: white-blue-green-yellow, from little to much. (Images: Dmitry Levkov)



The Bose-Einstein condensate is an exotic state of matter, in which the quantum particles occupy all of them the lowest energy level. A Bose-Einstein condensate can be produced in the laboratory at very low temperatures from common atoms. This state of matter exhibits unique properties, such as superfluidity.



In simulations with the model, after a very long period, 100,000 times longer than the time required for a particle to cross the simulation volume, the particles spontaneously formed a condensate, which immediately took the form of a drop spherical, a Bose star, under the effect of gravity. It could be, therefore, that in the centers of the haloes of the dwarf galaxies could be formed Bose-Einstein condensates in a time less than the life of the universe. This means that there could now be Bose stars populating them.



According to one hypothesis, the Bose condensates could have formed in the early universe, long before the creation of galaxies or minicomponents, but at present we lack reliable evidence in this regard.



Scientists say that, curiously, according to the theory, Bose stars are capable of producing rapid bursts of radio waves (FRBs). These enigmatic astrophysical manifestations have baffled scientists since the first of them was detected a decade ago. These are mysterious "flashes" ultra-brief, just a few thousandths of a second, that come from all directions of the sky and do not seem to fit with any known astrophysical phenomenon, although it is clear that they involve colossal amounts of energy.



In theory, hypothetical particles of dark matter, called "axiones", are able to interact, although very weakly, with electromagnetic fields and can disintegrate giving rise to radiophotons. This effect, if it really occurs, must be very small, but within a Bose star it could be amplified in a resonant way as in a laser, and this could lead to the generation of colossal flashes of radio waves.



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