The Purported Plumes of Jupiter's Moon Europa Are Missing 'Hotspot' Engines

The Purported Plumes of Jupiter's Moon Europa Are Missing 'Hotspot' Engines

The Purported Plumes of Jupiter's Moon Europa Are Missing 'Hotspot' Engines







		If the moon of jupiter Europe It has geysers, the natural engines that drive them are well hidden.

		Scientists have reexamined the data from The Galileo mission of NASA In more detail, looking for regions in Europe warm enough to link to steam columns. The researchers determined that if there are hot spots on this moon, which houses a huge ocean of liquid water beneath its icy deck, it is most likely to remain hidden until NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft reaches Jupiter by the end of 2020. or early 2030.

		In 2016, the scientists announced the provisional detection of a Weak pen in Europe using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. A second unconfirmed pen was announced the following year. Since then, the Moon has remained silent and scientists have debated whether the features detected by the space telescope were actually caused by water vapor.

The[[Possible plumes of water in Europe: the discovery in images]

		In an effort to solve the mystery, Julie Rathbun and her colleagues turned to the data compiled by Galileo when he orbited Jupiter In the 90s and early 2000s. Rathbun is a senior scientist at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona. The researchers looked for signs of heat on the moon almost a decade ago, before the possible columns were detected. Now, they returned to examine the two possible regions of origin more closely, in search of signs of heat that could indicate geological activity. The results were less than encouraging.

		"We did not see any access points in those places," Rathbun said yesterday (October 22) during a press conference at the annual meeting of the Planetary Sciences Division of the American Astronomical Society in Knoxville, Tennessee.

		But that does not necessarily mean that Europe is not coming out, Rathbun added.



		The case of the lost access point

		Plumes are common throughout the solar system. Jupiter's moon Io is constantly shooting volcanic material into the air. The icy saturn moon Enceladus the famous water vapors and other materials from its subsurface ocean to space through a set of geysers near the south pole. And the Earth is rich in geysers, from Old Faithful of Yellowstone National Park to the Great Geysir of Iceland.

		The firing of the gas that forms these feathers requires a source of energy, which usually heats the soil around the fountain of the feather. Enceladus, Io and Earth have hotspots around their geysers and volcanoes.

		But not Europe, as far as we can tell. Rathbun and his colleagues did not see hot spots in any of the alleged boom locations described in the Galileo data. 

		There are four possible reasons for this result, said Rathbun. First, it is possible that the jets do not exist. It is also possible that hotspots exist but are more subtle than what could be detected with Galileo or Earth. Atacama Millimeter / Submillimeter Array (ALMA). Another option is that the plumes are sporadic and simply did not fire while Galileo was nearby. Finally, the feathers of Europe can operate differently than geysers in other worlds.

		"Europe was expected to be active," said Rathbun. "People have been wondering where [the plumes] they are and what happened to them ".

The[[Photos: Europe, mysterious ice moon of Jupiter]



		Another chance

		Both Europe and Enceladus are icy moons, and it is believed that each houses a subsurface ocean. Therefore, it is not surprising that planetary scientists base their search in Europe on the geysers confirmed in Enceladus. The geysers of Saturn's moon come long, Narrow fissures of "tiger stripe" with approximately the same area as that tested in Europe, and the expected temperatures are also similar.

		However, it is possible that the plume regions of Europe have a different configuration from the Saturn satellite.

		"I do not think it's a tiger stripe [that produced the plume], but there could be some small source that there is not, "said Rathbun.

		Time is another concern. Galileo explored Jupiter and its moons from 1995 to 2003, more than a decade before Hubble discovered feathers. If Europe's sources are sporadic, it is possible that their hosting sites were not activated while Galileo was watching. Similarly, ALMA looked at the moon several months after Hubble observations, potentially giving the area time to cool down.

		Sunlight further complicates the problem. On the beach, sand and rocks are heated and cooled at different rates according to their composition. After the feathers were detected, ALMA identified a region near a young crater called Pwyll that looked like warmer than the surrounding areas. However, Rathbun said that Galileo showed that the same region is coolerthat its surroundings at night; The observations of ALMA, like all that are made from the Earth, show only the side of the moon. Rathbun said that the variations probably originated from features with different compositions. 

		"It's much more consistent with different thermal properties than an access point," he said.







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		Ideally, the same instrument would compare diurnal and nocturnal observations to discard the sun's heat as an explanation of temperature differences, but unfortunately, Galileo did not collect daytime images of the enigmatic region.

		Rathbun said the last possibility is that the plume-generating mechanism in Europe does not heat things up as the familiar characteristics of geysers do. It is currently unknown what kind of mechanism could do that, but he said that the possibility can not be ruled out.

		"I'm constantly surprised by the amount of things we find in the outer solar system that do not make any sense," he said.

		While there is not enough data to determine which of the four explanations probably represents reality, Rathbun said that his favorite choice is the strange answer.

		"I would love for something different," he said. "That's always the most fun."

		Europe probably will not be able to keep such secrets for much longer. From NASA Europa Clipper The spacecraft, which is currently scheduled to be launched in 2022, will make 45 overflights of Europe at altitudes ranging from 1,700 miles to 16 miles (2,700 kilometers to 25 km).

		One of the instruments that Clipper will carry is the Thermal Emission Imaging System of Europe (E-THEMIS), a heat detector that will take thermal images of the Moon at various wavelengths. 

		"If there is an access point somewhere in Europe, E-THEMIS will see it," said Rathbun.



	Follow Nola Taylor Redd on Twitter @NolaTRedd. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published in Space.com.

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