Seeing the Best Night-Sky Sights of Autumn Using Mobile Apps

Seeing the Best Night-Sky Sights of Autumn Using Mobile Apps

Seeing the Best Night-Sky Sights of Autumn Using Mobile Apps







		Early autumn brings ideal conditions for stargazing. The temperatures are comfortable, the annoying insects are gone and the sun sets early enough to observe the stars before the children go to bed. In the early hours of the night, you can still catch the sweet eye inside the Milky Way of summer before it sets in the west, and in the afternoon, the winter constellations are climbing in the eastern sky.

		In this edition of Mobile Astronomy, we will highlight some of the best objects of the autumn nights for eyes, binoculars and rear telescopes without help. Your favorite astronomy app can show you where to find these goals, tell you when they will rise and set, and inform you about their interesting history and science. We are not going to focus on the moon and the planets, only the stars and deep-sky objects that appear annually at this time of the year, divided into categories.

		In the following sections, I provided appropriate proper names or designations for the objects. Your astronomy application will recognize those names when you enter them in the search menu. Applications like SkySafari 6, Star Walk 2, Stellarium Mobile and others will show you where to find the objects at the time you are observing. If the object is not above the horizon for you, adjust the application time to find out when it will rise or if it has already been set.

The[[The brightest planets in the October night sky: how to see them (and when)]





						


Even on autumn nights illuminated by the moon, the brightest stars remain visible to the eyes without help. The stars Vega, Deneb and Altair form a star pattern known as the Summer Triangle, which occupies the zenith around 8 p.m. local time. Astronists call these forms informal asterisms. The Great Square of Pegasus and the Keystone in Hercules are two more you can look for.

            						    Credit: SkySafari application 




		Shining stars

		Bright stars are fine white eyes without help, regardless of the phase of the moon. The stars shine with a coloration produced by the temperatures of their surface, and this is reflected in their spectral classification. On the afternoon of October, the three bright stars of the Summer Triangle shine on high. Deneb, the tallest; Vega, the most western; and Altair, the lowest, are all class A stars that appear blue-white to the eye and have surface temperatures ranging from 7,500 to 10,000 kelvins (13,040 to 17,540 degrees Fahrenheit, or 7,226 to 9,726 degrees Celsius) . 

		In the sunset sky, very bright, the orange Arcturus is a giant star of class K with a temperature of only 4,300 K (7,280 degrees F, or 4,260 degrees C), colder than our sun class G's 5,800 K (9,980 degrees F, or 5,527 degrees C). Sitting very low in the southwest, the reddish Antares, the heart of Scorpius, is an ancient M-class star with a surface temperature of 3,500 K (5,400 degrees F, or 3,225 degrees C). After mid-afternoon, the bright yellow Capella, sometimes dubbed the "Star of the Harvest," will rise in the northeast. This star is similar to the sun, but much larger. Just before midnight, look for the orange-stained Aldebaran so that it rises in the east. Aldebaran is a red supergiant, a class K star, with a surface temperature of about 4,000 K (6,740 degrees F, or 3,726 degrees C). Using the colors of these bright stars, you can estimate the temperatures of other stars.





						


The Lyra constellation, the harp, is an excellent place to find double and multiple stars. The Double Double is composed of two pairs of stars very close to each other. Sharp eyes and binoculars can detect two stars one finger wide above Vega. A telescope will divide each of these stars into a pair of widely separated stars. Delta Lyrae is a very separate double. Located less than two fists in diameters to the left of Vega, the modest Albireo star becomes a charming pair of sapphire and topaz stars when viewed in a telescope. 

            						    Credit: SkySafari application 




		Double stars

		Double stars are pairs (or more) of stars that appear widely separated from each other in the sky. They range from easy pairs to discern visible to unassisted eyes to tighter pairs that need binoculars or a telescope to separate. In some cases, doubles are binary, stars that are gravitationally bound together. Albireo, which marks the peak of Cygnus, the swan, is a double line of sight: stars at different distances from the sun that occupy the same position in the sky.

		The constellation of Lyra, the harp, is placed high in the western sky in the middle of the afternoon during October. It consists of an elongated parallelogram oriented approximately from left to right, plus the very bright white star Vega sitting alone 2 degrees to the bottom right corner Sharp eyes could reveal that the star Epsilon Lyrae, located just 1 degree (the width of a finger) above bright Vega, is a double star. Binoculars or a small telescope will certainly do it. The high magnification Epsilon test will reveal that each of the stars is also a double, hence its nickname, "double double". These four stars form a true binary system: each pair orbits around a common center on a time scale of many thousands of years. The stars at the far right of Lyra's parallelogram are also double. Nasr Alwaki (also known as Zeta Lyrae), the closest star to Vega, is a tight double. Delta Lyrae, in the other corner, is a double star widely spaced visible to the naked eye.

The[[Impressive binocular astronomy with the help of mobile applications]





						


During the nights of October, the constellation of Perseus, the hero, climbs to the northeast sky, as shown here at 8 p.m. local time. A collection of approximately 100 young blue stars surrounds Perseus' brightest star, Mirfak. Also called Melotte 20, the group was formed from a common gas cloud and is now traveling through the galaxy together. The Double Cluster, which sits on the diameter of a fist over Mirfak, offers a charming view with binoculars and low-magnification telescopes. The two groups are also visible to the naked eye under a dark sky.

            						    Credit: SkySafari application 




		Star Clusters

		Star clusters can be compact and small if they are far from the sun, or large and extended if they are closer. These objects are best seen in binoculars and low magnification telescopes. The best nights to hunt them are between the last quarter, when the moon is waning and rising after midnight, and a few days after the new moon.

		The bright star Mirfak (also known as Alpha Perseii) is surrounded by a large group of stars known as Melotte 20, or the Alpha Perseii Moving group. The 100 hot, blue and white stars that make up the group share a common origin: they all move together across the galaxy. The cluster is approximately 600 light-years away and covers more than 3 degrees (or six times the apparent diameter of the full moon) of the sky. On the afternoons of mid-October, Mirfak resides in the northeastern sky of the afternoon and rises more during the night.

		When the moon is absent from the night sky, try to explore the numerous open star clusters distributed along the Milky Way, which rises from the southwest horizon and arcs overhead to descend in the northeast. Many of the best groups are included in The list of Charles Messier, which catalogs the best deep sky objects. Start by finding the clusters with binoculars or eyes without help, and then continue with a telescope at low and then at higher magnification. Particularly good open groups include Messier 39 and Messier 29 in Cygnus; NGC7243 in Lacerta; the group of wild duck (Messier 11) and Messier 26, both located in Scutum; the Star Cloud of Sagittarius (Messier 24); and IC 4665, sometimes called the summer hive, in Ophiuchus. In the northern Milky Way, look at Caroline's Rose (NGC7789) in Cassiopeia and the Double Cluster (NGC 884 and 869) in Perseus.

The[[The Messier list: the breathtaking views of the deep-sky objects from the Hubble telescope]





						


The Milky Way goes through the constellation Cygnus, the swan. As a result, that region of the sky is full of beautiful star clusters and nebulae. The North American Nebula and the adjacent Pelican Nebula can be seen using binoculars under very dark skies. The Veil Nebula is a huge, shattered ring of glowing gas located beneath the star with the naked eye Gienah. The object, actually the remains of a supernova explosion long ago, has five diameters of full moon!

            						    Credit: SkySafari application 




		Beautiful nebulae

		Nebulae, composed of cold hydrogen gas and traces of other elements, are much weaker than objects in the sky made of stars. Many nebulae are complex structures of incandescent gas energized by radiation from nearby stars, and then crossed by lanes of dark dust placed between the Earth and the background gas. There are many fine nebulae that cover large areas of the sky and are best viewed with binoculars, while some are small enough to fit within the field of view of a rear telescope. All nebulae look better when the moon is new and outside the night sky.

		The Cygnus constellation is almost over the head in the southern sky after dark, and it passes the zenith at 8 p.m. local time. Dark, moonless nights are ideal for viewing the Veil Nebula, a huge remnant of 2.5 degrees (or five full moon diameters across). This circle of broken and smashed incandescent gas is centered 3 degrees south of the star Gienah (also known as Epsilon Cygni). The brightest western segment of the remnant, known as NGC 6960, is easily found where it passes through the close-up star with the naked eye 52 Cygni. From that anchor point, you can follow its curve to find the opposite side of the remnant known as the Eastern Veil, or NGC 6992. There are more chains of nebulosity between those arcs. 

		The North American Nebula (also called NGC 7000) is a bright hydrogen cloud located less than 3 degrees below the bright star Deneb. The dark dust in the foreground creates the portion of the Gulf of Mexico from this appropriately named nebula. The Pelican Nebula (also called IC 5070), a smaller nebula that is located just above the right side of the North American Nebula, is part of the same cloud, with dark dust that divides them. For best results, use the largest aperture telescope you can and improve these nebulae with an Oxygen-III or Ultra High Contrast filter.

		Returning to Lyra's elongated parallelogram, aim your telescope halfway between the stars Sulafat and Sheliak, which mark the southern (left) end of the parallelogram. Messier 57, also known as the Ring Nebula and NGC 6720, will appear as a small, faint gray ring. A larger increase works well in this planetary nebula. This object is the corpse of an ancient star that had a mass similar to that of our sun. It is 2,280 light years from Earth.

The[[The fabulous lives of the nebulae]





						


The Andromeda galaxy, also known as Messier 31 (or M31), is one of the most distant objects visible to human eyes without help. This spiral galaxy, located 2.5 million light years away from our sun, is considered a "twin sister" in appearance of our own galaxy. Look for it like a fuzzy patch, weak and elongated, that sits on a palm tree on the bright Mirach, or uses the three superior stars of Cassiopeia as a pointer. The box image, taken by Ron Brecher of Guelph, Ontario, reveals the pink star formation regions and the dark dust lanes contained in the wraparound spiral arms. Two elliptical galaxies designated M110 and M32 are located just above and below the central core, respectively.

            						    Credit: SkySafari application/Ron Brecher, used with permission 




		Galaxies - looking in the cosmic "mirror"

		The distant galaxies are obscured by the foreground material of our own Milky Way, so the best to observe maintain positions in the sky well away from the Milky Way. Two relatively close galaxies are so large that they only glimpse completely in binoculars in very dark sky conditions. Countless others are visible only in telescopes, especially when the moon is absent. 

		On the nights of October, the Andromeda galaxy rises to the northeast sky at night. A great goal for the whole night, this great spiral galaxy, also called Messier 31, is only 2.5 million light years from us, and subtends an area of ​​the sky that measures 3 by 1 degree (or six diameters of moon full of long). Under a dark sky, the galaxy can be seen with the naked eye as a slight spot to the left of Pegasus's square. The three most western stars of Cassiopeia, Caph, Shedar and Navi, conveniently form a triangle that points towards M31. The binoculars will reveal the galaxy better. In a telescope, use a low magnification and look for the two smaller companion galaxies, Messier 32 and Messier 110, which are located near the core of the main galaxy. Astronomers believe that the Andromeda galaxy resembles our Milky Way. 

		The Triangulum galaxy, also known as Messier 33, is a great spiral, almost face to face, located 2.8 million light-years away. M33 is 1.5 diameters extended below Andromeda. It is near the western edge of Triangulum, 7 degrees below the bright star Mirach (or Beta Andromedae). Under conditions of very dark skies, this low-brightness surface member of our local group of galaxies can be seen with the naked eye, which makes it the farthest object detectable by the human eye without help. Binoculars and long exposure images reveal that it subtends an angle of 1.0 by 0.66 degrees, with the long axis approximately from left to right.

		Many applications, such as SkySafari 6, offer a list of tonight best suited to your location. In SkySafari 6, you can touch the Actions and Settings icon for that list to sort by different criteria. Beginning sky watchers find the brightest targets easier to see, so try to classify them with that method. The brightest targets will appear first (including the moon and the bright planets). You can also enable the Highlight objects option, and the application will draw blue circles around each objective. Good luck!

		In future editions of Mobile Astronomy, we will explore how 3D constellations look, highlight some winter observation objectives, discuss how to use mobile applications to plan and record your astronomical observations, and more. Until then, keep looking!



	Editor's note: Chris Vaughan is a specialist in public astronomy and education in AstroGeo, member of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, and operator of the historic 74-inch (1.88 meter) David Dunlap observatory telescope. You can reach it through email, and follow him on Twitter @astrogeoguy, as well as in Facebook Y Tumblr.



	This item was provided by Simulation curriculum, the leader in space science curricular solutions and the creators of SkySafari Application for Android and iOS. Follow SkySafari on Twitter @SkySafariAstro. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook Y Google+. Original article about Space.com.

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