How Did Inflation Happen - and Why Do We Care?
How Did Inflation Happen - and Why Do We Care?
Paul Sutter is an astrophysicist in The state university of ohio and the chief scientist in COSI Science Center. Sutter is also host of "Ask an astronaut"Y"Space radio, "and takes AstroTours worldwide. Sutter contributed this article to The voices of Space.com experts: Op-Ed and perspectives.
In 1980, physicist Alan Guth proposed a radical extension to the norm. Big Bang model of the history of the universe. At that time, it was known that our cosmos is expanding, it is getting bigger and bigger each day, but the rate of expansion is relatively moderate. Guth hypothesized that in some of the earliest moments of our universe (somewhere around the 10 ^ -36 second mark), our universe suffered a period of Exorbitant accelerated expansion. During this period, the universe inflated with a factor of 10 ^ 26 in just 10 ^ -32 seconds, a life compared to the age of the universe, but the slightest moment of a moment for our more mature eyes.
This transforming event, known as cosmic inflation, easily explains some baffling features found in astronomical observations. These include the universe peculiar geometric plain at large scales, the apparent connection between the remote corners of the universe and the absolute lack of exotic monopoles - particles with a single magnetic pole, instead of the usual two - that should have formed in abundance in the cosmic day.
The[[How inflation gave the Universe the last start (infographic)]
In the decades after Guth's initial and tentative proposal, the concept of inflation has remained frustratingly mysterious, but it remains our main theory of what happened when our universe was young and exotic.
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2VL5gS1rcg]
Just make it bigger
In our modern conception of cosmic inflation, this period of rapid accelerated expansion is driven by a new character who joins the cosmological distribution: something called the inflaton. Get it? The inflation is inflated. It's not the most creative name, but you have to go.
In this image, inflation is a quantum field that permeates all space and time. It is the same as any of the other quantum fields: the electromagnetic field responsible for the photons, the Dirac field responsible for the electrons, etc. Quantum fields are our theory that explains the underlying structure of all matter and radiation, and they are quite important.
Therefore, it is not entirely ridiculous to propose a new type of quantum field that affected the primitive universe in an important way, but nowadays it is not very remarkable
Another characteristic of quantum fields is that there is a certain amount of energy associated with them, even in a vacuum. If you take a box and evacuate all the particles and radiation from that box, resulting in an absolutely pure vacuum, the box will still contain some energy. This energy can be seen as a fundamental vibration in the quantum fields that make up reality.
That part is important, because that vacuum energy has the curious property of Accelerating the expansion of the universe.. We do not know in advance what the vacuum energy of any of the individual quantum fields might be. If it is zero, then we would not see an accelerated expansion at cosmic scales. If it is a great value, then the universe could be inflated.
A universal globe
In the inflation model, inflation is a quantum field that starts with a large amount of vacuum energy. The universe goes crazy, and inflation does its thing. But then, inflation (in some way) changes and reduces its vacuum energy, shutting down the inflationary era. I'm being a bit lazy here, because physics is, well, something vague.
At the close of inflation, the inflationary has one last trick up its sleeve. Before it fades into oblivion, it decomposes, becoming a torrent of regular matter and radiation. Again, this is not as crazy as it seems, because quantum fields are perfectly capable of transforming each other into a whim (this is the modern image of complex particle interactions).
This last minute event, known as reheating, sowed the big, cold and empty universe with fundamental parts and pieces. These would eventually grow to be protons, atoms, gas clouds, stars and galaxies.
That's a good story, but how do we know it's okay?
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mHzQTbbjHI]
Blows and wiggles
For inflation, the devil is in the cosmological details. The inflation model predicts that newly deposited matter and radiation did not disperse without care. No, there was a pattern in it. The mechanism of inflation not only rapidly expanded the universe; it also rapidly expanded the entire universe, including the fundamental vibrations integrated into the quantum field of inflaton itself.
These vibrations expanded one after the other, which led to a universe full of tiny bumps and ripples: tiny variations in density from one place to another. And inflation teaches us that those potholes and undulations had a particular pattern. Specifically, there should be as many small lumps as wiggles such as large potholes and wiggles. Also, as those bumps and shakes evolve in the newly inflated universe, they really should not be connected to each other.
In the jargon of cosmology, these potholes and undulations should be almost invariant in scale (like an orchestra in which the instruments of low and high pitch have exactly the same volume) and Gaussian (each member of the orchestra is playing from one point of different view). Music set, and there is nothing to coordinate them).
These small differences in density grew as the universe evolved, with pockets of slightly higher density accumulating more and more matter. This, in turn, gave them a stronger gravitational influence in their environment, which made them grow even more, and so on.
The small differences in density became large differences in density, printing on the temperature pattern found in the cosmic microwave background, the light left over from when the universe was only 270,000 years old. From there, the differences continued to grow, accumulating matter to become the seeds of the entire structure of the universe, from the individual stars to the cosmic network itself.
And the detailed studies of those patterns reveal that, in fact, they are almost invariant in scale and Gaussians, exactly what inflation predicts they will be. Although the physics of the process is not fully understood and is quite vague, inflation has managed to pass all the experimental tests that are presented. Perhaps some day, a better understanding of this extraordinary time in the history of our universe will paint a completely different picture, but meanwhile, the history of inflation, however thin, is our best option.
Learn more by listening to the episode. "Why do we need cosmic inflation? (Part 2)" in the "Ask a Spaceman" podcast, available on iTunes and on the web in http://www.askaspaceman.com. Thanks to Massimiliano S., Lorenzo B., @ZachCoty, Pete E., Christian W., @up_raw, Vicki K., Thomas, Band C., Steve S., Evan W., Andrew P., @MarkRiepe, @ Luft08, @kazoukis, Gordon M., Jim W., Cosmic Wakes, Floren H., Gabi P., Amanda Z. and @scaredjackel for the questions that led to this piece. Ask your own question on Twitter using #AskASpaceman or following Paul @PaulMattSutter Y facebook.com/PaulMattSutter. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and in Facebook. Original article about Space.com.
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